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BOOK DATABASE SYSTEMS, 2ND EDITION
SUMMARY
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Items Found: 1010
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Systems
- 1.1 Defi nitions and Rationale
- 1.2 Objectives of a Database System
- 1.2.1 Primary and Secondary Objectives
- 1.2.2 Clarifi cation on Data Independence
- 1.3 Advantages of a Database System
- 1.4 Approaches to Database Design
- 1.4.1 Conventional Files
- 1.4.2 Database Approach
- 1.5 Desirable Features of a DBS
- 1.6 Database Development Life Cycle
- 1.8 Review Questions
- 1.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 2: The Database System Environment
- 2.1 Levels of Architecture.
- 2.1.1 External Level
- 2.1.2 Conceptual Level
- 2.1.3 Internal Level
- 2.2 Inter-Level Mappings.
- 2.3 Database Personnel
- 2.3.1 Database Administrator and Data Architect
- 2.3.2 Tools Expert
- 2.3.3 Application Programmer
- 2.3.4 User Liaison Specialist
- 2.3.5 Network and Infrastructure Specialist
- 2.4 The Database Management System
- 2.5 Components of DBMS Suite
- 2.5.1 The DBMS Engine
- 2.5.2 Data Defi nition Subsystem
- 2.5.3 The User Interface Subsystem
- 2.5.4 Application Development Subsystem
- 2.5.5 Data Administration Subsystem
- 2.5.6 Data Dictionary Subsystem
- 2.5.7 Data Communications Manager
- 2.5.8 Utilities Subsystem
- 2.6 Front-End and Back-End Perspectives
- 2.7 Database System Architecture
- 2.8 Database Management System Classifi cations
- 2.8.1 Classifi cation Based on Data Models
- 2.8.2 Classifi cation Based on Number of Users
- 2.8.3 Classifi cation Based on Site Confi guration
- 2.8.4 Classifi cation Based on Database Purpose
- 2.10 Review Questions
- 2.11 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part B: The Relational Database Model
- Chapter 3: The Relational Model
- 3.1 Basic Concepts
- 3.2 Domains
- 3.3 Relations
- 3.3.1 Properties of a Relation
- 3.3.2 Kinds of Relations
- 3.4 Relational Database System
- 3.5 Identifying Relationships
- 3.6 Representing Relationships
- 3.6.1 The Entity-Relationship Model
- 3.6.2 The Object-Relationship Model
- 3.6.4 Multiplicity of Relationships
- 3.7 Implementing Relationships
- 3.8 Innovation: Relation-Attributes List and Relationship List
- 3.9 Database Naming Convention
- 3.11 Review Questions
- 3.12 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 4: Integrity Rules and Normalization
- 4.1 Fundamental Integrity Rules
- 4.2 Foreign Key Concept
- 4.3 Rationale for Normalization
- 4.4 Functional Dependence and Non-Loss Decomposition
- 4.4.1 Functional Dependence
- 4.4.2 Non-Loss Decomposition
- 4.5 First Normal Form
- 4.5.1 Problems with Relations in 1NF Only
- 4.6 Second Normal Form
- 4.6.1 Problems with Relations in 2NF Only
- 4.7 Third Normal Form
- 4.7.1 Problems with Relations in 3NF Only
- 4.8 Boyce-Codd Normal Form
- 4.9 Fourth Normal Form
- 4.9.1 Multi-Valued Dependency
- 4.9.2 Fagin’s Theorem
- 4.9.3 The Zoo Revisited
- 4.10 Fifth Normal Form
- 4.10.1 Defi nition of Join Dependency
- 4.10.2 Fagin´s Theorem
- 4.11 An Example
- 4.12 Other Normal Forms
- 4.12.1 The Domain-Key Normal Form
- 4.12.2 The Sixth Normal Form
- 4.14 Review Questions
- 4.15 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 5: Database Modeling and Design
- 5.1 The Database Model and Database Design
- 5.1.1 The Database Model
- 5.1.2 Database Design.
- 5.2 The E-R Model Revisited
- 5.3 Database Design via the E-R Model
- 5.4 The Extended Relational Model
- 5.4.1 Entity Classifi cations
- 5.4.2 Surrogates
- 5.4.3 E-Relations and P-Relations
- 5.4.4 Integrity Rules
- 5.5 Database Design via the XR Model
- 5.5.1 Determining the Kernel Entities
- 5.5.2 Determining the Characteristic Entities
- 5.5.3 Determining the Designative Entities
- 5.5.4 Determining the Associations
- 5.5.5 Determining Entity Subtypes and Super-types
- 5.5.6 Determining Component Entities
- 5.5.7 Determining Additional Properties
- 5.5.8 Additional Applications of the XR Model
- 5.6 The UML Model
- 5.7 Database Design via the UML Model
- 5.8 Innovation: The Object/Entity Specifi cation Grid
- 5.9 Database Design via Normalization Theory
- 5.9.1 Example: Mountaineering Problem
- 5.9.2 Determining Candidate Keys and then Normalizing
- 5.10 Database Model and Design Tools
- 5.12 Review Questions
- 5.13 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 6: Database User Interface Design
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.2 Deciding on the User Interface
- 6.3 Steps in the User Interface Design
- 6.3.1 Menu or Graphical User Interface
- 6.3.2 Command-Based User Interface
- 6.4 User Interface Development and Implementation
- 6.6 Review Questions
- 6.7 References and/or Recommend Readings
- Chapter 7: Relational Algebra
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Basic Operations of Relational Algebra
- 7.2.1 Primary and Secondary Operations
- 7.2.2 Codd´s Original Classifi cation of Operations.
- 7.2.3 Nested Operations
- 7.3 Syntax of Relational Algebra
- 7.3.1 Select Statement
- 7.3.2 Projection Statement
- 7.3.3 Natural Join Statement
- 7.3.4 Cartesian Product
- 7.3.5 Theta-Join
- 7.3.6 Inner and Outer Joins
- 7.3.7 Union,Intersection,and Difference Statements
- 7.3.8 Division Statement
- 7.4 Aliases,Renaming,and the Relational Assignment
- 7.4.1 The Alias Operation
- 7.4.2 The Assignment Operation
- 7.4.3 The Rename Operation
- 7.5 Other Operators
- 7.7 Review Questions
- 7.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 8: Relational Calculus
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 Calculus Notations and Illustrations
- 8.3 Quantifi ers,Free and Bound Variables
- 8.3.1 Well-Formed Formula
- 8.3.2 Free and Bound Variables
- 8.4 Substitution Rule and Standardization Rules
- 8.5 Introductory Query Optimization
- 8.6 Domain-Oriented Relational Calculus
- 8.8 Review Questions
- 8.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 9: Refl ective Look at the Relational Database Model
- 9.1 The Relational Model Summarized
- 9.2 Ramifi cations of the Relational Model
- 9.2.1 Codd’s Early Benchmark
- 9.2.2 Revised Defi nition of a Relational System
- 9.2.3 Far-Reaching Consequences
- 9.4 Review Questions
- 9.5 References
- Part C: The Structured Query Language
- Chapter 10: Overview of SQL
- 10.1 Important Facts
- 10.1.1 Commonly Used DDL Statements
- 10.1.2 Commonly Used DML and DCL Statements
- 10.1.3 Syntax Convention
- 10.2 Advantages of SQL
- 10.4 Review Questions
- 10.5 Recommended Readings
- Chapter 11: SQL Data Defi nition Statements
- 11.1 Overview of Oracle’s SQL Environment
- 11.2 Basic Concepts in a Typical Oracle Database Environment
- 11.3 Database Creation
- 11.4 Database Management
- 11.5 Tablespace Creation
- 11.6 Tablespace Management
- 11.7 Table Creation
- 11.8 Dropping or Modifying a Table
- 11.9 Working with Indexes
- 11.10 Working with Sequences
- 11.10.1 Creating and Using Sequences
- 11.10.2 Altering and Dropping Sequences
- 11.11 Working with Synonyms
- 11.13 Review Questions
- 11.14 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 12: SQL Data Manipulation Statements
- 12.1 Insertion of Data
- 12.2 Update Operations
- 12.3 Deletion of Data
- 12.4 Commit and Rollback Operations
- 12.5 Basic Syntax for Queries
- 12.6 Simple Queries
- 12.7 Queries Involving Multiple Tables
- 12.7.1 The Traditional Method
- 12.7.2 The ANSI Method
- 12.8 Queries Involving the Use of Functions
- 12.8.1 Row Functions
- 12.8.2 Date Functions
- 12.8.3 Data Conversion Functions
- 12.8.4 Programmer-Defi ned Functions
- 12.8.5 Aggregation Functions
- 12.8.6 Analytic Functions
- 12.9 Queries Using the LIKE and BETWEEN Operators
- 12.10 Nested Queries
- 12.10.1 Nested Queries Involving Use of the IN Operator
- 12.10.2 Nested Queries Involving use of ANY or ALL Operator
- 12.10.3 Nested Queries Using the Existential Quantifi er
- 12.11 Queries Involving Set Operations
- 12.12 Queries with Runtime Variables
- 12.13 Queries Involving SQL*Plus Format Commands
- 12.14 Embedded SQL
- 12.15 Dynamic Queries
- 12.17 Review Questions
- 12.18 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 13: Logical Views and System Security
- 13.1 Traditional Logical Views
- 13.1.1 View Creation
- 13.1.2 View Modifi cation and Removal
- 13.1.3 Usefulness and Manipulation of Logical Views
- 13.2 System Security
- 13.2.1 Access to the System
- 13.2.2 Access to the System Resources
- 13.2.3 Access to the System Data
- 13.3 Materialized Views
- 13.3.1 Creating a Materialized View
- 13.3.2 Altering or Dropping a Materialized View
- 13.5 Review Questions
- 13.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 14: The System Catalog
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Three Important Catalog Tables
- 14.2.1 The User_Tables View
- 14.2.2 The User_Tab_Columns View
- 14.2.3 The User_Indexes View
- 14.3 Other Important Catalog Tables
- 14.4 Querying the System Catalog
- 14.5 Updating the System Catalog
- 14.7 Review Questions
- 14.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 15: Some Limitations of SQL
- 15.1 Programming Limitations
- 15.2 Limitations on Views
- 15.2.1 Restriction on Use of the Order-By Clause for Earlier Versions of SQL
- 15.2.2 Restriction on Data Manipulation for Views involving UNION,INTERSECT,or JOIN
- 15.2.3 Restriction on the Use of Aggregation Functions for Earlier Versions of SQL
- 15.3 Stringent Enforcement of Referential Integrity
- 15.4 Limitations on Calculated Columns
- 15.5 If-Then Limitation
- 15.7 Review Questions
- 15.8 Recommended Readings
- Part D: Advanced Topics
- Chapter 16: Database Administration
- 16.1 Database Installation,Creation,and Confi guration
- 16.2 Database Security
- 16.3 Database Management
- 16.4 Database Backup and Recovery
- 16.4.1 Oracle Backups: Basic Concept
- 16.4.2 Oracle Recovery: Basic Concept
- 16.4.3 Types of Failures
- 16.4.4 Database Backups
- 16.4.5 Basic Recovery Steps
- 16.4.6 Oracle’s Backup and Recovery Solutions
- 16.5 Database Tuning
- 16.5.1 Tuning Goals
- 16.5.2 Tuning Methodology
- 16.6 Database Removal
- 16.8 Review Questions
- 16.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 17: Distributed Database Systems
- 17.1 Preliminaries
- 17.2 Advantages of Distributed Database Systems
- 17.3 12 Rules for Distributed Database Systems
- 17.4 Challenges to Distributed Database Systems
- 17.4.1 Query Optimization
- 17.4.2 Catalog Management
- 17.4.3 Update Propagation
- 17.4.4 Concurrency
- 17.4.5 Transaction Management
- 17.5 Database Gateways
- 17.6 The Future of Distributed Database Systems
- 17.6.1 Object Technology
- 17.6.2 Electronic Communication Systems
- 17.6.3 Cloud Technology
- 17.6.4 Big Data
- 17.8 Review Questions
- 17.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 18: Object Databases
- 18.1 Overview
- 18.2 Overview of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
- 18.3 Challenges for Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
- 18.4 Hybrid Approach
- 18.6 Review Questions
- 18.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 19: Data Warehousing
- 19.1 Overview
- 19.1.1 Defi nitions
- 19.1.2 Acquiring a Data Warehouse
- 19.2 Rationale for Data Warehousing
- 19.3 Characteristics of a Data Warehouse
- 19.3.1 Defi nitive Features
- 19.3.2 Nature of Data Stored
- 19.3.3 Processing Requirements
- 19.3.4 12 Rules for Data Warehousing
- 19.4 Data Warehouse Architecture
- 19.4.1 Basic Data Warehouse Architecture
- 19.4.2 Data Warehouse Architecture with a Staging Area
- 19.4.3 Data Warehouse Architecture with a Staging Area and Data Marts
- 19.5 Extraction,Transformation,and Loading
- 19.5.1 What Happens During the ETL Process
- 19.5.2 ETL Tools
- 19.5.3 Daily Operations and Expansion of the Data Warehouse
- 19.7 Review Questions
- 19.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 20: Web-Accessible Databases
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Web-Accessible Database Architecture
- 20.3 Supporting Technologies
- 20.4 Implementation with Selected DBMS Suites
- 20.4.1 Implementation via Oracle
- 20.4.2 Implementation via DB2
- 20.4.3 Implementation via MySQL
- 20.5 Generic Implementation via Front-End and Back-End Tools
- 20.6 Challenges and Opportunities
- 20.6.1 Cloud Computing and Big Data
- 20.6.2 Cybersecurity
- 20.8 Review Questions
- 20.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 21: Using Database Systems to Anchor Management
- Support Systems
- 21.1 Overview of Management Support Systems
- 21.2 Building System Security Through Database Design
- 21.3 Case Study: Dynamic Menu Interface Designer
- 21.3.1 Database Requirements of the DMID
- 21.3.2 Overview of the DMID’s User Interface Requirements
- 21.3.3 Management of System Constraints via the DMID
- 21.3.4 Access to System Resources
- 21.3.5 Usefulness and Applicability of the DMID
- 21.4 Selected MSS Project Ideas
- 21.4.1 Electoral Management System
- 21.4.2 Health Information Management System
- 21.4.3 Strategic Education Management System
- 21.4.4 Flight Information Management System
- 21.4.5 Financial Information Management System
- 21.4.6 Disease Recognition System
- 21.4.7 Cognitive Leadership Analysis System
- 21.4.8 Financial Status Assessment System
- 21.4.9 College/University Administrative Information System
- 21.6 Review Questions
- 21.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part E: Overview of Selected DBMS Suites
- Chapter 22: Overview of Oracle
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Main Components of the Oracle Suite
- 22.2.1 Oracle Server
- 22.2.2 Oracle PL/SQL and SQL*Plus
- 22.2.3 Oracle Developer Suite
- 22.2.4 Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control and SQL Developer
- 22.2.5 Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control
- 22.2.6 Oracle Database Confi guration Assistant
- 22.2.7 Oracle Warehouse Builder
- 22.3 Shortcomings of Oracle
- 22.5 Review Questions
- 22.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 23: Overview of DB2
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Main Components of the DB2 Suite
- 23.2.1 DB2 Universal Database Core
- 23.2.2 Command Line Processor Plus (CLPPlus)
- 23.2.3 IBM InfoSphere Information Server
- 23.2.4 IBM Data Studio
- 23.2.5 IBM InfoSphere Warehouse
- 23.3 Shortcomings of DB2
- 23.5 Review Questions
- 23.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 24: Overview of MySQL
- 24.1 Introduction to MySQL
- 24.2 Main Features of MySQL
- 24.3 Main Components of MySQL
- 24.4 Alternate Storage Engines
- 24.5 Shortcomings of MySQL
- 24.5.1 Limitations on Logical Views
- 24.5.2 Limitations on Subqueries
- 24.5.3 Limitation on Server-Side Cursors
- 24.5.4 Other Limitations
- 24.7 Review Questions
- 24.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 25: Overview of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.1.1 Brief History
- 25.1.2 Operating Environment
- 25.1.3 Microsoft SQL Server Editions
- 25.2 Main Features of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.3 Main Components of Microsoft SQL Server Suite
- 25.3.1 Server Components
- 25.3.2 Management Tools
- 25.3.3 Development Tools
- 25.3.4 Client Connectivity
- 25.3.5 Code Samples
- 25.4 Shortcomings of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.6 Review Questions
- 25.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part F: Appendices.
- Appendix A1: Review of Trees
- A1.1 Introduction to Trees
- A1.2 Binary Trees
- A1.2.1 Overview of Binary Trees
- A1.2.2 Representation of Binary Trees
- A1.2.3 Application of Binary Trees
- A1.2.4 Operations on Binary Trees
- A1.2.5 Implementation of Binary Trees
- A1.2.6 Binary Tree Traversals
- A1.2.7 Using Binary Trees to Evaluate Expressions
- A1.3 Threaded Binary Trees
- A1.4 Binary Search Trees
- A1.5 Height-Balanced Trees
- A1.6 Heaps
- A1.6.1 Building the Heap
- A1.6.2 Processing the Heap (Heap-Sort)
- A1.7 M-Way Search Trees and B-Trees
- A1.7.1 Defi nition of B-Tree
- A1.7.2 Implementation of the B-tree
- A1.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A2: Review of Hashing
- A2.1 Introduction
- A2.2 Hash Functions
- A2.2.1 Absolute Addressing
- A2.2.2 Direct Table Lookup
- A2.2.3 Division-Remainder
- A2.2.4 Mid-Square
- A2.2.5 Folding
- A2.2.6 Truncation
- A2.2.7 Treating Alphanumeric Key Values
- A2.3 Collision Resolution
- A2.3.1 Linear Probing
- A2.3.2 Synonym Chaining
- A2.3.3 Rehashing
- A2.4 Hashing in Java
- A2.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A3: Review of Information-Gathering Techniques
- A3.1 Rationale for Information Gathering
- A3.2 Interviewing
- A3.2.1 Steps in Planning the Interview
- A3.2.2 Basic Guidelines for Interviews
- A3.3 Questionnaires and Surveys
- A3.3.1 Guidelines for Questionnaires
- A3.3.2 Using Scales in Questionnaires
- A3.3.3 Administering the Questionnaire
- A3.4 Sampling
- A3.4.1 Probability Sampling Techniques
- A3.4.2 Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
- A3.4.3 Sample Calculations
- A3.5 Observation and Document Review
- A3.6 Prototyping
- A3.7 Brainstorming
- A3.8 Object Identifi cation
- A3.8.1 The Descriptive Narrative Approach
- A3.8.2 The Rule-of-Thumb Approach
- A3.10 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A4: BNF Syntax for Selected SQL Statements
- A4.1 Database Management
- A4.1.1 Syntax for Create-Database Statement
- A4.1.2 Syntax for Alter-Database Statement
- A4.2 Tablespace Management
- A4.2.1 Syntax for Create-Tablespace Statement
- A4.2.2 Syntax for Alter-Tablespace Statement
- A4.3 Tables Management
- A4.3.1 Syntax for Create-Table Statement
- A4.3.2 Syntax for Alter-Table Statement
- A4.4 Index Management
- A4.4.1 Syntax for Create-Index Statement
- A4.4.2 Syntax for Alter-Index Statement
- A4.5 Data Insertion,Update,and Deletion
- A4.5.1 Abridged Syntax for the Insert Statement
- A4.5.2 Abridged Syntax for the Update Statement
- A4.5.3 Syntax for Delete Statement and Truncate Statement
- A4.6 Transaction Management
- A4.7 Building Queries
- A4.7.1 Abridged Syntax for the Select Statement
- A4.7.2 Modifi ed From-Clause for ANSI Join
- A4.7.3 Some Commonly Used Row Functions
- A4.7.4 Some Commonly Used Date Manipulation Functions
- A4.7.5 Some Commonly Used Data Conversion Functions
- A4.7.6 Some Valid Date and Numeric Formats
- A4.7.7 Commonly Used Aggregation Functions
- A4.7.8 Syntax for Using Analytic Functions
- A4.7.9 Syntax for Nested Queries
- A4.8 Managing Logical Views
- A4.8.1 Creating the Logical View
- A4.8.2 Altering or Dropping the Logical View
- A4.9 Managing System Security
- A4.9.1 Syntax for Create-Profi le Statement
- A4.9.2 Syntax for Altering or Dropping a Profi le
- A4.9.3 Syntax for Creating User Account(s)
- A4.9.4 Syntax for Altering or Dropping User Account(s)
- A4.9.5 Syntax for Creating,Altering,or Dropping Role(s)
- A4.9.6 Syntax for Granting or Revoking Privilege(s)
- Appendix A5: Sample Exercises and Examination Questions
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Systems
- 1.1 Defi nitions and Rationale
- 1.2 Objectives of a Database System
- 1.2.1 Primary and Secondary Objectives
- 1.2.2 Clarifi cation on Data Independence
- 1.3 Advantages of a Database System
- 1.4 Approaches to Database Design
- 1.4.1 Conventional Files
- 1.4.2 Database Approach
- 1.5 Desirable Features of a DBS
- 1.6 Database Development Life Cycle
- 1.8 Review Questions
- 1.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 2: The Database System Environment
- 2.1 Levels of Architecture.
- 2.1.1 External Level
- 2.1.2 Conceptual Level
- 2.1.3 Internal Level
- 2.2 Inter-Level Mappings.
- 2.3 Database Personnel
- 2.3.1 Database Administrator and Data Architect
- 2.3.2 Tools Expert
- 2.3.3 Application Programmer
- 2.3.4 User Liaison Specialist
- 2.3.5 Network and Infrastructure Specialist
- 2.4 The Database Management System
- 2.5 Components of DBMS Suite
- 2.5.1 The DBMS Engine
- 2.5.2 Data Defi nition Subsystem
- 2.5.3 The User Interface Subsystem
- 2.5.4 Application Development Subsystem
- 2.5.5 Data Administration Subsystem
- 2.5.6 Data Dictionary Subsystem
- 2.5.7 Data Communications Manager
- 2.5.8 Utilities Subsystem
- 2.6 Front-End and Back-End Perspectives
- 2.7 Database System Architecture
- 2.8 Database Management System Classifi cations
- 2.8.1 Classifi cation Based on Data Models
- 2.8.2 Classifi cation Based on Number of Users
- 2.8.3 Classifi cation Based on Site Confi guration
- 2.8.4 Classifi cation Based on Database Purpose
- 2.10 Review Questions
- 2.11 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part B: The Relational Database Model
- Chapter 3: The Relational Model
- 3.1 Basic Concepts
- 3.2 Domains
- 3.3 Relations
- 3.3.1 Properties of a Relation
- 3.3.2 Kinds of Relations
- 3.4 Relational Database System
- 3.5 Identifying Relationships
- 3.6 Representing Relationships
- 3.6.1 The Entity-Relationship Model
- 3.6.2 The Object-Relationship Model
- 3.6.4 Multiplicity of Relationships
- 3.7 Implementing Relationships
- 3.8 Innovation: Relation-Attributes List and Relationship List
- 3.9 Database Naming Convention
- 3.11 Review Questions
- 3.12 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 4: Integrity Rules and Normalization
- 4.1 Fundamental Integrity Rules
- 4.2 Foreign Key Concept
- 4.3 Rationale for Normalization
- 4.4 Functional Dependence and Non-Loss Decomposition
- 4.4.1 Functional Dependence
- 4.4.2 Non-Loss Decomposition
- 4.5 First Normal Form
- 4.5.1 Problems with Relations in 1NF Only
- 4.6 Second Normal Form
- 4.6.1 Problems with Relations in 2NF Only
- 4.7 Third Normal Form
- 4.7.1 Problems with Relations in 3NF Only
- 4.8 Boyce-Codd Normal Form
- 4.9 Fourth Normal Form
- 4.9.1 Multi-Valued Dependency
- 4.9.2 Fagin’s Theorem
- 4.9.3 The Zoo Revisited
- 4.10 Fifth Normal Form
- 4.10.1 Defi nition of Join Dependency
- 4.10.2 Fagin´s Theorem
- 4.11 An Example
- 4.12 Other Normal Forms
- 4.12.1 The Domain-Key Normal Form
- 4.12.2 The Sixth Normal Form
- 4.14 Review Questions
- 4.15 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 5: Database Modeling and Design
- 5.1 The Database Model and Database Design
- 5.1.1 The Database Model
- 5.1.2 Database Design.
- 5.2 The E-R Model Revisited
- 5.3 Database Design via the E-R Model
- 5.4 The Extended Relational Model
- 5.4.1 Entity Classifi cations
- 5.4.2 Surrogates
- 5.4.3 E-Relations and P-Relations
- 5.4.4 Integrity Rules
- 5.5 Database Design via the XR Model
- 5.5.1 Determining the Kernel Entities
- 5.5.2 Determining the Characteristic Entities
- 5.5.3 Determining the Designative Entities
- 5.5.4 Determining the Associations
- 5.5.5 Determining Entity Subtypes and Super-types
- 5.5.6 Determining Component Entities
- 5.5.7 Determining Additional Properties
- 5.5.8 Additional Applications of the XR Model
- 5.6 The UML Model
- 5.7 Database Design via the UML Model
- 5.8 Innovation: The Object/Entity Specifi cation Grid
- 5.9 Database Design via Normalization Theory
- 5.9.1 Example: Mountaineering Problem
- 5.9.2 Determining Candidate Keys and then Normalizing
- 5.10 Database Model and Design Tools
- 5.12 Review Questions
- 5.13 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 6: Database User Interface Design
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.2 Deciding on the User Interface
- 6.3 Steps in the User Interface Design
- 6.3.1 Menu or Graphical User Interface
- 6.3.2 Command-Based User Interface
- 6.4 User Interface Development and Implementation
- 6.6 Review Questions
- 6.7 References and/or Recommend Readings
- Chapter 7: Relational Algebra
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Basic Operations of Relational Algebra
- 7.2.1 Primary and Secondary Operations
- 7.2.2 Codd´s Original Classifi cation of Operations.
- 7.2.3 Nested Operations
- 7.3 Syntax of Relational Algebra
- 7.3.1 Select Statement
- 7.3.2 Projection Statement
- 7.3.3 Natural Join Statement
- 7.3.4 Cartesian Product
- 7.3.5 Theta-Join
- 7.3.6 Inner and Outer Joins
- 7.3.7 Union,Intersection,and Difference Statements
- 7.3.8 Division Statement
- 7.4 Aliases,Renaming,and the Relational Assignment
- 7.4.1 The Alias Operation
- 7.4.2 The Assignment Operation
- 7.4.3 The Rename Operation
- 7.5 Other Operators
- 7.7 Review Questions
- 7.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 8: Relational Calculus
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 Calculus Notations and Illustrations
- 8.3 Quantifi ers,Free and Bound Variables
- 8.3.1 Well-Formed Formula
- 8.3.2 Free and Bound Variables
- 8.4 Substitution Rule and Standardization Rules
- 8.5 Introductory Query Optimization
- 8.6 Domain-Oriented Relational Calculus
- 8.8 Review Questions
- 8.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 9: Refl ective Look at the Relational Database Model
- 9.1 The Relational Model Summarized
- 9.2 Ramifi cations of the Relational Model
- 9.2.1 Codd’s Early Benchmark
- 9.2.2 Revised Defi nition of a Relational System
- 9.2.3 Far-Reaching Consequences
- 9.4 Review Questions
- 9.5 References
- Part C: The Structured Query Language
- Chapter 10: Overview of SQL
- 10.1 Important Facts
- 10.1.1 Commonly Used DDL Statements
- 10.1.2 Commonly Used DML and DCL Statements
- 10.1.3 Syntax Convention
- 10.2 Advantages of SQL
- 10.4 Review Questions
- 10.5 Recommended Readings
- Chapter 11: SQL Data Defi nition Statements
- 11.1 Overview of Oracle’s SQL Environment
- 11.2 Basic Concepts in a Typical Oracle Database Environment
- 11.3 Database Creation
- 11.4 Database Management
- 11.5 Tablespace Creation
- 11.6 Tablespace Management
- 11.7 Table Creation
- 11.8 Dropping or Modifying a Table
- 11.9 Working with Indexes
- 11.10 Working with Sequences
- 11.10.1 Creating and Using Sequences
- 11.10.2 Altering and Dropping Sequences
- 11.11 Working with Synonyms
- 11.13 Review Questions
- 11.14 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 12: SQL Data Manipulation Statements
- 12.1 Insertion of Data
- 12.2 Update Operations
- 12.3 Deletion of Data
- 12.4 Commit and Rollback Operations
- 12.5 Basic Syntax for Queries
- 12.6 Simple Queries
- 12.7 Queries Involving Multiple Tables
- 12.7.1 The Traditional Method
- 12.7.2 The ANSI Method
- 12.8 Queries Involving the Use of Functions
- 12.8.1 Row Functions
- 12.8.2 Date Functions
- 12.8.3 Data Conversion Functions
- 12.8.4 Programmer-Defi ned Functions
- 12.8.5 Aggregation Functions
- 12.8.6 Analytic Functions
- 12.9 Queries Using the LIKE and BETWEEN Operators
- 12.10 Nested Queries
- 12.10.1 Nested Queries Involving Use of the IN Operator
- 12.10.2 Nested Queries Involving use of ANY or ALL Operator
- 12.10.3 Nested Queries Using the Existential Quantifi er
- 12.11 Queries Involving Set Operations
- 12.12 Queries with Runtime Variables
- 12.13 Queries Involving SQL*Plus Format Commands
- 12.14 Embedded SQL
- 12.15 Dynamic Queries
- 12.17 Review Questions
- 12.18 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 13: Logical Views and System Security
- 13.1 Traditional Logical Views
- 13.1.1 View Creation
- 13.1.2 View Modifi cation and Removal
- 13.1.3 Usefulness and Manipulation of Logical Views
- 13.2 System Security
- 13.2.1 Access to the System
- 13.2.2 Access to the System Resources
- 13.2.3 Access to the System Data
- 13.3 Materialized Views
- 13.3.1 Creating a Materialized View
- 13.3.2 Altering or Dropping a Materialized View
- 13.5 Review Questions
- 13.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 14: The System Catalog
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Three Important Catalog Tables
- 14.2.1 The User_Tables View
- 14.2.2 The User_Tab_Columns View
- 14.2.3 The User_Indexes View
- 14.3 Other Important Catalog Tables
- 14.4 Querying the System Catalog
- 14.5 Updating the System Catalog
- 14.7 Review Questions
- 14.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 15: Some Limitations of SQL
- 15.1 Programming Limitations
- 15.2 Limitations on Views
- 15.2.1 Restriction on Use of the Order-By Clause for Earlier Versions of SQL
- 15.2.2 Restriction on Data Manipulation for Views involving UNION,INTERSECT,or JOIN
- 15.2.3 Restriction on the Use of Aggregation Functions for Earlier Versions of SQL
- 15.3 Stringent Enforcement of Referential Integrity
- 15.4 Limitations on Calculated Columns
- 15.5 If-Then Limitation
- 15.7 Review Questions
- 15.8 Recommended Readings
- Part D: Advanced Topics
- Chapter 16: Database Administration
- 16.1 Database Installation,Creation,and Confi guration
- 16.2 Database Security
- 16.3 Database Management
- 16.4 Database Backup and Recovery
- 16.4.1 Oracle Backups: Basic Concept
- 16.4.2 Oracle Recovery: Basic Concept
- 16.4.3 Types of Failures
- 16.4.4 Database Backups
- 16.4.5 Basic Recovery Steps
- 16.4.6 Oracle’s Backup and Recovery Solutions
- 16.5 Database Tuning
- 16.5.1 Tuning Goals
- 16.5.2 Tuning Methodology
- 16.6 Database Removal
- 16.8 Review Questions
- 16.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 17: Distributed Database Systems
- 17.1 Preliminaries
- 17.2 Advantages of Distributed Database Systems
- 17.3 12 Rules for Distributed Database Systems
- 17.4 Challenges to Distributed Database Systems
- 17.4.1 Query Optimization
- 17.4.2 Catalog Management
- 17.4.3 Update Propagation
- 17.4.4 Concurrency
- 17.4.5 Transaction Management
- 17.5 Database Gateways
- 17.6 The Future of Distributed Database Systems
- 17.6.1 Object Technology
- 17.6.2 Electronic Communication Systems
- 17.6.3 Cloud Technology
- 17.6.4 Big Data
- 17.8 Review Questions
- 17.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 18: Object Databases
- 18.1 Overview
- 18.2 Overview of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
- 18.3 Challenges for Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
- 18.4 Hybrid Approach
- 18.6 Review Questions
- 18.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 19: Data Warehousing
- 19.1 Overview
- 19.1.1 Defi nitions
- 19.1.2 Acquiring a Data Warehouse
- 19.2 Rationale for Data Warehousing
- 19.3 Characteristics of a Data Warehouse
- 19.3.1 Defi nitive Features
- 19.3.2 Nature of Data Stored
- 19.3.3 Processing Requirements
- 19.3.4 12 Rules for Data Warehousing
- 19.4 Data Warehouse Architecture
- 19.4.1 Basic Data Warehouse Architecture
- 19.4.2 Data Warehouse Architecture with a Staging Area
- 19.4.3 Data Warehouse Architecture with a Staging Area and Data Marts
- 19.5 Extraction,Transformation,and Loading
- 19.5.1 What Happens During the ETL Process
- 19.5.2 ETL Tools
- 19.5.3 Daily Operations and Expansion of the Data Warehouse
- 19.7 Review Questions
- 19.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 20: Web-Accessible Databases
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Web-Accessible Database Architecture
- 20.3 Supporting Technologies
- 20.4 Implementation with Selected DBMS Suites
- 20.4.1 Implementation via Oracle
- 20.4.2 Implementation via DB2
- 20.4.3 Implementation via MySQL
- 20.5 Generic Implementation via Front-End and Back-End Tools
- 20.6 Challenges and Opportunities
- 20.6.1 Cloud Computing and Big Data
- 20.6.2 Cybersecurity
- 20.8 Review Questions
- 20.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 21: Using Database Systems to Anchor Management
- Support Systems
- 21.1 Overview of Management Support Systems
- 21.2 Building System Security Through Database Design
- 21.3 Case Study: Dynamic Menu Interface Designer
- 21.3.1 Database Requirements of the DMID
- 21.3.2 Overview of the DMID’s User Interface Requirements
- 21.3.3 Management of System Constraints via the DMID
- 21.3.4 Access to System Resources
- 21.3.5 Usefulness and Applicability of the DMID
- 21.4 Selected MSS Project Ideas
- 21.4.1 Electoral Management System
- 21.4.2 Health Information Management System
- 21.4.3 Strategic Education Management System
- 21.4.4 Flight Information Management System
- 21.4.5 Financial Information Management System
- 21.4.6 Disease Recognition System
- 21.4.7 Cognitive Leadership Analysis System
- 21.4.8 Financial Status Assessment System
- 21.4.9 College/University Administrative Information System
- 21.6 Review Questions
- 21.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part E: Overview of Selected DBMS Suites
- Chapter 22: Overview of Oracle
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Main Components of the Oracle Suite
- 22.2.1 Oracle Server
- 22.2.2 Oracle PL/SQL and SQL*Plus
- 22.2.3 Oracle Developer Suite
- 22.2.4 Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control and SQL Developer
- 22.2.5 Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control
- 22.2.6 Oracle Database Confi guration Assistant
- 22.2.7 Oracle Warehouse Builder
- 22.3 Shortcomings of Oracle
- 22.5 Review Questions
- 22.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 23: Overview of DB2
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Main Components of the DB2 Suite
- 23.2.1 DB2 Universal Database Core
- 23.2.2 Command Line Processor Plus (CLPPlus)
- 23.2.3 IBM InfoSphere Information Server
- 23.2.4 IBM Data Studio
- 23.2.5 IBM InfoSphere Warehouse
- 23.3 Shortcomings of DB2
- 23.5 Review Questions
- 23.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 24: Overview of MySQL
- 24.1 Introduction to MySQL
- 24.2 Main Features of MySQL
- 24.3 Main Components of MySQL
- 24.4 Alternate Storage Engines
- 24.5 Shortcomings of MySQL
- 24.5.1 Limitations on Logical Views
- 24.5.2 Limitations on Subqueries
- 24.5.3 Limitation on Server-Side Cursors
- 24.5.4 Other Limitations
- 24.7 Review Questions
- 24.8 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Chapter 25: Overview of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.1.1 Brief History
- 25.1.2 Operating Environment
- 25.1.3 Microsoft SQL Server Editions
- 25.2 Main Features of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.3 Main Components of Microsoft SQL Server Suite
- 25.3.1 Server Components
- 25.3.2 Management Tools
- 25.3.3 Development Tools
- 25.3.4 Client Connectivity
- 25.3.5 Code Samples
- 25.4 Shortcomings of Microsoft SQL Server
- 25.6 Review Questions
- 25.7 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Part F: Appendices.
- Appendix A1: Review of Trees
- A1.1 Introduction to Trees
- A1.2 Binary Trees
- A1.2.1 Overview of Binary Trees
- A1.2.2 Representation of Binary Trees
- A1.2.3 Application of Binary Trees
- A1.2.4 Operations on Binary Trees
- A1.2.5 Implementation of Binary Trees
- A1.2.6 Binary Tree Traversals
- A1.2.7 Using Binary Trees to Evaluate Expressions
- A1.3 Threaded Binary Trees
- A1.4 Binary Search Trees
- A1.5 Height-Balanced Trees
- A1.6 Heaps
- A1.6.1 Building the Heap
- A1.6.2 Processing the Heap (Heap-Sort)
- A1.7 M-Way Search Trees and B-Trees
- A1.7.1 Defi nition of B-Tree
- A1.7.2 Implementation of the B-tree
- A1.9 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A2: Review of Hashing
- A2.1 Introduction
- A2.2 Hash Functions
- A2.2.1 Absolute Addressing
- A2.2.2 Direct Table Lookup
- A2.2.3 Division-Remainder
- A2.2.4 Mid-Square
- A2.2.5 Folding
- A2.2.6 Truncation
- A2.2.7 Treating Alphanumeric Key Values
- A2.3 Collision Resolution
- A2.3.1 Linear Probing
- A2.3.2 Synonym Chaining
- A2.3.3 Rehashing
- A2.4 Hashing in Java
- A2.6 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A3: Review of Information-Gathering Techniques
- A3.1 Rationale for Information Gathering
- A3.2 Interviewing
- A3.2.1 Steps in Planning the Interview
- A3.2.2 Basic Guidelines for Interviews
- A3.3 Questionnaires and Surveys
- A3.3.1 Guidelines for Questionnaires
- A3.3.2 Using Scales in Questionnaires
- A3.3.3 Administering the Questionnaire
- A3.4 Sampling
- A3.4.1 Probability Sampling Techniques
- A3.4.2 Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
- A3.4.3 Sample Calculations
- A3.5 Observation and Document Review
- A3.6 Prototyping
- A3.7 Brainstorming
- A3.8 Object Identifi cation
- A3.8.1 The Descriptive Narrative Approach
- A3.8.2 The Rule-of-Thumb Approach
- A3.10 References and/or Recommended Readings
- Appendix A4: BNF Syntax for Selected SQL Statements
- A4.1 Database Management
- A4.1.1 Syntax for Create-Database Statement
- A4.1.2 Syntax for Alter-Database Statement
- A4.2 Tablespace Management
- A4.2.1 Syntax for Create-Tablespace Statement
- A4.2.2 Syntax for Alter-Tablespace Statement
- A4.3 Tables Management
- A4.3.1 Syntax for Create-Table Statement
- A4.3.2 Syntax for Alter-Table Statement
- A4.4 Index Management
- A4.4.1 Syntax for Create-Index Statement
- A4.4.2 Syntax for Alter-Index Statement
- A4.5 Data Insertion,Update,and Deletion
- A4.5.1 Abridged Syntax for the Insert Statement
- A4.5.2 Abridged Syntax for the Update Statement
- A4.5.3 Syntax for Delete Statement and Truncate Statement
- A4.6 Transaction Management
- A4.7 Building Queries
- A4.7.1 Abridged Syntax for the Select Statement
- A4.7.2 Modifi ed From-Clause for ANSI Join
- A4.7.3 Some Commonly Used Row Functions
- A4.7.4 Some Commonly Used Date Manipulation Functions
- A4.7.5 Some Commonly Used Data Conversion Functions
- A4.7.6 Some Valid Date and Numeric Formats
- A4.7.7 Commonly Used Aggregation Functions
- A4.7.8 Syntax for Using Analytic Functions
- A4.7.9 Syntax for Nested Queries
- A4.8 Managing Logical Views
- A4.8.1 Creating the Logical View
- A4.8.2 Altering or Dropping the Logical View
- A4.9 Managing System Security
- A4.9.1 Syntax for Create-Profi le Statement
- A4.9.2 Syntax for Altering or Dropping a Profi le
- A4.9.3 Syntax for Creating User Account(s)
- A4.9.4 Syntax for Altering or Dropping User Account(s)
- A4.9.5 Syntax for Creating,Altering,or Dropping Role(s)
- A4.9.6 Syntax for Granting or Revoking Privilege(s)
- Appendix A5: Sample Exercises and Examination Questions
