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BOOK PRO ORACLE DATABASE 11G RAC ON LINUX

SUMMARY

490

Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: RAC Concepts 27
Chapter 3: RAC Architecture 63
Chapter 4: Hardware 97
Chapter 5: Virtualization 165
Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration 231
Chapter 7: Grid Infrastructure Installation 323
Chapter 8: Clusterware 379
Chapter 9: Automatic Storage Management 455
Chapter 10: RDBMS Installation and Configuration 505
Chapter 11: Workload Management 559
Chapter 12: Oracle Performance Monitoring 607
Chapter 13: Linux Performance Monitoring 653
Chapter 14: Parallel Execution 687
Chapter 15: Upgrading to Oracle 11g Release 2 717
Index 771
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Introducing Oracle Real Application Clusters 1
Examining the RAC Architecture 3
Deploying RAC 4
Maintaining High Availability 5
Defining Scalability 6
Scaling Vertically vs. Horizontally 7
Increasing Manageability 8
Assessing the Cost of Ownership 10
Clustering with Oracle on Linux 13
Running Linux on Oracle 16
Understanding the Role of Unix 16
Liberating Software 17
Developing Linux 18
Expanding the Concept of Free with Open Source 19
Combining Oracle, Open Source, and Linux 20
Drilling Down on Unbreakable Linux 21
Creating and Growing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 22
Extending Red Hat with Oracle Enterprise Linux 23
Drilling Down on SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 24
Taking Linux to Asia 25
Summary 25
Chapter 2: RAC Concepts 27
Clustering Concepts 27
Configuring Active/active Clusters 27
Implementing Active/passive Clusters 28
Configuring a Shared-All Architecture 28
Configuring a Shared-Nothing Architecture 29
Exploring the Main RAC Concepts 29
Working with Cluster Nodes 29
Leveraging the Interconnect 30
Clusterware/Grid Infrastructure 31
Leveraging Automatic Storage Management 39
Installing Real Application Clusters 44
Using the Global Resource Directory (GRD) 49
Transferring Data Between Instances with Cache Fusion 51
Achieving Read Consistency 52
Synchronizing System Change Numbers 52
Exploring the New Features of 11g Release 2 52
Leveraging Grid Plug and Play 53
Modeling Resources with Server Pools 55
Ensuring POSIX Compliance with ACFS 56
Using Oracle Restart Instead of RAC 57
Simplifying Clusterd Database Access with SCAN Listener 59
Summary 60
Chapter 3: RAC Architecture 63
Availability Considerations 63
Deciding the Number of Nodes 65
vi
Online Maintenance and Patching 67
Instance Recovery in RAC 72
Failover Considerations 74
Transparent Application Failover 75
Fast Connection Failover and Fast Application Notification 76
Scalability Considerations 77
Scalability Enhancers 78
Scalability Inhibitors 79
Standby Databases 81
Introduction to Oracle Standby Databases 82
Types of Standby Database 83
Active Data Guard 85
Extended Distance Clusters 90
Oracle Streams 91
Streams Processing 92
Oracle Streams Prerequisites 93
Cluster Topologies 94
Summary 95
Chapter 4: Hardware 97
Oracle Availability 98
Server Processor Architecture 99
x86 Processor Fundamentals 99
Multicore Processors and Hyper-Threading 103
CPU Cache 106
CPU Power Management 109
Virtualization 111
Memory 112
Virtual Memory 112
vii
Physical Memory 113
NUMA 116
Memory Reliability 125
Additional Platform Features 125
Onboard RAID Storage 126
Machine Check Architectures 126
Remote Server Management and IPMI 127
Network Interconnect Technologies 127
Server I/O 128
Private Interconnect 131
Storage Technologies 136
RAC I/O Characteristics 137
Hard Disk and Solid State Disk Drive Performance 143
RAID 147
Storage Protocols for Linux 153
Summary 164
Chapter 5: Virtualization 165
Virtualization Definition and Benefits 165
Oracle VM 168
Oracle VM Server Architecture 168
Oracle VM Design 174
Oracle VM Server Installation 178
Oracle VM Manager Installation 183
Oracle VM CLI Installation and Configuration 186
Configuring Oracle VM 187
Network Configuration 187
Server Pool Configuration 192
Installing and Configuring Guests 208
Importing a Template 209
Creating a Guest from a Template 210
Accessing a Guest 212
Configuring a Guest for RAC 214
Managing Domains 216
Oracle VM Agent 216
Oracle VM Manager 218
Oracle VM Manager CLI 220
The xm Command-Line Interface 222
Summary 230
Chapter 6: Linux Installation and Configuration 231
Selecting the Right Linux Software 231
Reviewing the Hardware Requirements 232
Drilling Down on Networking Requirements 233
Configuring a GNS or a Manual IP 233
Configuring DNS and DHCP 236
Downloading the Linux Software 243
Preparing for a Network Install 243
Installing Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 247
Starting the Installation 247
Installation Media Check 247
Anaconda Installation 247
Install or Upgrade 248
Disk Partitioning 248
Configuring the Boot Loader and Network 259
Selecting a Time Zone 260
Configuring the Root Password 261
Reviewing the Package Installation Defaults 261
ix
Selecting a Package Group 261
Installing Packages 263
Setting the Final Configuration 263
Accepting the License Agreement 263
Configuring the Firewall 263
Configuring SELinux 263
Enabling kdump 264
Setting the Date and Time 264
Creating a User 265
Installing Additional CDs 265
Configuring Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 265
Configuring a Server with the Oracle Validated RPM 266
Verifying the Oracle Validated RPM Actions 270
Post Oracle Validated RPM Configuration 282
Completing the Linux Configuration for RAC 292
Configuring Shared Storage 298
Discovering and Configuring SAN Disk 299
Network Channel Bonding 313
I/O Fencing with IPMI 317
Summary 322
Chapter 7: Grid Infrastructure Installation 323
Getting Ready for Installation 323
Obtain Software Distribution 323
Configure X Environment 324
Determining Configuration Type 327
Advanced Installation - Manual Configuration 327
Network Configuration 328
DNS Configuration 329
Choosing an Installation Option 330
x
Selecting an Advanced or Typical Installation Type 332
Selecting a Language. 333
Configuring the Grid Plug and Play. 334
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page 336
Configuring the Network Interface Usage Page 337
Configuring the Storage Option Information Page. 338
Creating an ASM Disk Group 340
Specifying an ASM Password. 341
Specifying a Username and Password for IPMI. 342
Configuring Privileged Operating System Groups. 342
Setting the Installation Location. 344
Specify the Central Inventory’s Location. 345
Performing Prerequisite Checks. 345
Reviewing the Summary Page. 351
Setup Page 352
Reviewing Execute Configuration Scripts. 352
Monitoring Configuration Assistants 359
Implementing an Advanced Installation for Automatic Configuration 360
Configuring a Network Configuration 360
Configuring DNS 362
Configuring DHCP 363
Setting up the Grid Plug and Play Information Page. 364
Configuring the Cluster Node Information Page 365
The Summary Page 366
Typical Installation 367
Choosing the Installation Type 367
Specifying the Cluster Configuration Page. 368
Install Locations Page. 369
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Typical Installation 370
xi
Installing a Standalone Server 371
Selecting an Installation Option 372
Creating an ASM Disk Group Page 373
Reviewing the Summary Page for a Standalone Installation 373
Configuring the Execute Configuration Scripts 375
Deinstalling the Grid Infrastructure Software 376
Summary 377
Chapter 8: Clusterware 379
Introducing Clusterware 379
Examining the Hardware and Software Requirements 380
Using Shared Storage with Oracle Clusterware 381
Storing Cluster Information with the Oracle Cluster Registry 381
Storing Information in the Oracle Local Registry 382
Fencing with the Voting Disk 382
Recording Information with the Grid Plug and Play Profile 383
Using Background Processes 384
Grid Infrastructure Software Stacks 384
Drilling Down on the High Availability Stack 385
Drilling Down on the Cluster Ready Services Stack 386
Using Grid Infrastructure Agents 388
Initiating the Startup Sequence 389
Managing Oracle Clusterware 391
Using the Enterprise Manager 392
Using the Clusterware Control Utility 392
Managing Resources with srvctl 395
Verifying the Cluster with the CVU 396
Configuring Network Interfaces with oifcfg 400
Administering the OCR and OLR with ocrconfig 400
Checking the State of the OCR and its Mirrors with ocrcheck 400
Defining Server-Side Callouts 401
Protecting Applications with Clusterware 403
Managing Resource Profiles 403
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Oracle Database 404
Configuring Active/Passive Clustering for Apache Tomcat 409
Using Oracle Restart 413
Troubleshooting 415
Resolving Startup Issues 415
Resolving Problems with Java Utilities 422
Patching Grid Infrastructure 422
Adding and Deleting Nodes 426
Adding Nodes 426
Deleting Nodes 433
Exploring More Advanced Topics 438
Selecting non-Default Listener Ports 439
Selecting a non-Default SCAN Listener Endpoint 442
Changing the SCAN After Installation 443
Maintaining Voting Disks 444
Maintaining Local and Cluster Registry 448
Summary 453
Chapter 9: Automatic Storage Management 455
Introducing ASM 455
ASM Terminology 456
Supported File Types 457
ASM Management 458
ASM and RDBMS Support 458
ASM Installation 459
ASM Components and Concepts 459
ASM Instances 459
Failure Groups 464
ASM Files 465
Redundancy 468
Striping 468
Mirroring 469
Intelligent Data Placement 469
Access Control 470
Maintaining ASM 475
Creating an ASM Disk Group 475
Extending an ASM Disk Group 478
Dropping Disks from an ASM Disk Group 479
Enabling Disk Discovery 480
Understanding the ASM Header 480
Installing the Grid Infrastructure 481
Re-creating the ASM Disks 482
ASM Cluster File System 482
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using ASMCA 484
Creating and Mounting an ACFS Using the Command Line 491
Maintaining the ACFS 494
Using ACFS with Oracle Restart 496
Administering ASM 496
Using SQL*Plus to Administer ASM 497
ASM Administration Using SRVCTL 499
Accessing Files in ASM 500
Using Files Instead of Devices 501
Virtualization and Shared Disks 502
xiv
Summary 503
Chapter 10: RDBMS Installation and Configuration 505
Installing the RAC Software 505
Start the Installer 505
Configuring the Security Updates Page 506
Configuring the Installation Options Page 506
Configuring the Node Selection Page 507
Configuring the Product Language Selection Page 508
Configuring the Database Editions Page 509
Configuring the Installation Locations Page 510
Configuring the Privileged Operating Systems Group Page 511
Configuring the Prerequisites Check Page 512
Reviewing the Summary Page 512
Executing Configuration Scripts 513
Using the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 514
Starting the DBCA and Choosing an Operation 514
Creating a Database 516
Reviewing the Summary Page 535
Configuring the Database Options 536
Deleting a Database 538
Managing Templates 539
Building Database Creation Scripts 539
Setting up Admin-Managed Database Scripts 540
Building Policy-Managed Database Scripts 552
Deinstalling the RDBMS Software 555
Summary 557
Chapter 11: Workload Management 559
Introducing Services 559
Creating an Administrator Managed Database vs. Policy-Managed Database 560
Managing Services with the Database Scheduler 561
Using Services with Shared Server 563
Managing Services 564
Managing Services with SRVCTL 564
Managing Services with Enterprise Manager 569
Managing Services with DBMS_SERVICE 572
Balancing the Workload 572
Configuring Client-Side Load Balancing 573
Configuring Server-Side Load Balancing 574
Exploring the Load Advisory Framework 576
Using Transparent Application Failover 577
Implementing Fast Connection Failover 584
Using the Resource Manager 597
Caging an Instance 600
Database Resident Connection Pool 601
Summary 604
Chapter 12: Oracle Performance Monitoring 607
Enterprise Manager Database Control 608
The Cluster Tab 609
The Database Tab 611
The Performance Tab 611
AWR Reports 613
Interpreting the RAC Statistics of an AWR Report 617
Top 5 Timed Foreground Events 618
Global Cache Load Profile 619
Global Cache Efficiency Percentages 619
Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Workload Characteristics 619
Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Messaging Statistics 620
Cluster Interconnect 620
Foreground Wait Class 621
Wait Event Histogram 621
“SQL Statement” Sections 622
RAC-Related Segment Statistics 622
Dictionary Cache Stats (RAC) 623
Library Cache Activity (RAC) 623
Global Messaging Statistics 624
Global CR Served Statistics 624
Global Current Served Statistics 624
Global Cache Transfer Statistics 625
Interconnect Statistics 626
Dynamic Remastering Statistics 626
Active Session History 627
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor 629
Executing an ADDM Report 629
Controlling ADDM 629
The Report Format 631
AWR SQL Report 631
Performance Monitoring Using SQL*Plus 632
GV$ Views 633
System Statistics 633
Segment Statistics 633
Global Caches Services: Consistent and Current Reads 635
Global Cache Services: Current Block Activity 637
Global Enqueue Service 640
Library Cache 641
Dictionary Cache 642
Lock Conversions 642
Automatic Diagnostic Repository 644
Summary 652
Chapter 13: Linux Performance Monitoring 653
The uptime and last Commands 653
The ps Command 654
free, ipcs, pmap, and lsof 655
The free Command 655
The /proc File System 656
The /sys/devices/system/node File System 657
The ipcs Command 658
The pmap Command 658
The lsof Command 660
top 660
vmstat 662
strace 663
netstat, ss, and tcpdump 664
Looking at Interface Statistics 664
Summary Statistics 665
Listening Socket Statistics 665
Looking up Well-Known Ports 666
Reporting on Socket Statistics Using ss 666
Capturing and Displaying Network Packets 667
iostat 668
mpstat 669
sar and kSar 670
Configuring sar 670
Invoking sar Directly 671
Graphing the Results 672
Oracle Cluster Health Monitor 674
Installing the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor 674
Starting and Stopping the Oracle Cluster Health Monitor 677
Understanding the Architecture 678
Installing the Client-Side GUI 678
Viewing Current and Captured Activity 679
OSWatcher 680
Installing OSWatcher 680
Starting OSWatcher 681
Stopping OSWatcher 681
Viewing Results Graphically 682
nmon 683
Summary 685
Chapter 14: Parallel Execution 687
Parallel Execution Concepts 688
Serial Execution 688
Parallel Execution 689
Producers and Consumers 691
Bloom Filters 696
Partitioning 698
Parallel Execution Configuration 700
cluster_interconnects 700
db_block_size, db_cache_size, and db_file_multiblock_read_count 700
instance_groups and parallel_instance_group 701
large_pool_size, parallel_execution_message_size, and shared_pool_size 702
parallel_adaptive_multi_user 702
parallel_automatic_tuning 703
parallel_degree_limit 703
parallel_degree_policy, parallel_min_time_threshold, and parallel_servers_target 704
parallel_force_local 707
parallel_io_cap_enabled 707
parallel_max_servers, parallel_min_servers, parallel_threads_per_cpu, and processes 708
parallel_min_percent 708
pga_aggregate_target 709
Parallel Execution Performance 709
AWR Reports 709
SQL*Plus 713
Trace Files 714
Summary 715
Chapter 15: Upgrading to Oracle 11g Release 2 717
Upgrading Grid Infrastructure Components 717
Installing the Prerequisites 718
Running the Installer 719
Specifying Options 720
Running the Upgrade 725
Upgrading RAC Software 729
Running the Installer 730
Running Configuration Scripts 732
Preparing for the Database Upgrade 734
Identifying the Upgrade Path 734
Determine Upgrade Method 735
Testing the Upgrade Process 735
Running the pre-Upgrade Tool 736
Performing Other Checks 741
Saving Current Database Parameters 741
Backing up the Database. 742
Configuring the Listener Process 743
Upgrading Automatically with DBUA 743
Upgrading a Database Manually 752
Preparing the Parameter Files. 754
Preparing Password Files. 755
Modifying the Initialization Parameters. 755
Restarting the Database in UPGRADE Mode. 755
Running the Catalog Upgrade Script 755
Configuring SPFILE 756
Running the post-Upgrade Status Tool. 757
Running post-Upgrade Scripts 758
Recompiling Invalid Packages. 760
Updating /etc/oratab. 762
Updating Environment Variables 762
Updating the Oracle Cluster Registry. 762
Setting the Initialization Parameters for the New Release. 763
Performing the Necessary post-Upgrade Steps 764
Completing Mandatory post-Upgrade Tasks 764
Performing the Recommended Tasks 765
Resolving Problems in Mixed-Database Environments 767
Using a Swing Kit 768
Summary 769
Index 771