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BOOK PRO ORACLE SPATIAL FOR ORACLE DATABASE 11G

SUMMARY

504

PART 1 Overview
CHAPTER 1 Spatial Information Management 3
CHAPTER 2 Overview of Oracle Spatial 19
CHAPTER 3 Location-Enabling Your Applications 37
PART 2 Basic Spatial
CHAPTER 4 The SDO_GEOMETRY Data Type 55
CHAPTER 5 Loading, Transporting, and Validating Spatial Data 115
CHAPTER 6 Geocoding 151
CHAPTER 7 Manipulating SDO_GEOMETRY in Application Programs 207
PART 3 Spatial and Network Analysis
CHAPTER 8 Spatial Indexes and Operators 243
CHAPTER 9 Geometry Processing Functions 305
CHAPTER 10 Network Modeling 345
CHAPTER 11 The Routing Engine 417
PART 4 Visualization
CHAPTER 12 Defining Maps Using MapViewer 437
CHAPTER 13 Using Maps in Your Applications 503
PART 5 Spatial in Applications
CHAPTER 14 Sample Applications 581
CHAPTER 15 Case Studies 623
CHAPTER 16 Tips, Common Mistakes, and Common Errors 663
PART 6 Appendixes
APPENDIX A Additional Spatial Analysis Functions 689
APPENDIX B Linear Referencing 701
APPENDIX C Topology Data Model in Oracle 713
APPENDIX D Storing Raster Data in Oracle 725
APPENDIX E Three-Dimensional Modeling Using Point Clouds
and TINs in Oracle 743
INDEX 757
PART 1 Overview
CHAPTER 1 Spatial Information Management 3
Using Spatial Information in Various Industries 5
Sources of Spatial Data 7
Managing and Analyzing Spatial Data 7
Storing Spatial Data in a Database 11
Spatial Analysis 14
Benefits of Oracle Spatial 15
Summary 18
References 18
CHAPTER 2 Overview of Oracle Spatial 19
Technology and Architecture Overview 19
Getting Started with Oracle Spatial 22
Data Model: Storing Spatial Data 22
Location-Enabling 22
Query and Analysis 24
Visualizing Spatial Data 27
Advanced Spatial Engine 29
Oracle Spatial Technology Products 30
Locator 30
Spatial Option 32
What to Expect in an Oracle Spatial Install 33
Installing Oracle Spatial in the Database 34
Upgrades 34
Understanding a Spatial Install 35
Checking the Version of a Spatial Install 36
Summary 36
v
CHAPTER 3 Location-Enabling Your Applications 37
Adding Location Information to Tables 38
Application-Specific Data 38
Geographic Data 42
Metadata for Spatial Tables 45
Dictionary View for Spatial Metadata 45
Populating Spatial Metadata for Your Application 49
Additional Information for Visualization and Network Analysis 50
Summary 51
PART 2 Basic Spatial
CHAPTER 4 The SDO_GEOMETRY Data Type 55
Types of Spatial Geometries in Oracle 56
Points 56
Line Strings 56
Polygons and Surfaces 57
Solids 57
Collections 58
Logical Implementation of SDO_GEOMETRY 58
Spatial Data in SQL/MM and OGC 59
SDO_GEOMETRY Type, Attributes, and Values 60
SDO_GTYPE Attribute 61
SDO_SRID Attribute 63
SDO_POINT Attribute 72
SDO_ELEM_INFO and SDO_ORDINATES Attributes 74
Simple Two-Dimensional Geometry Examples 76
Point 76
Line String: Connected by Straight Lines 78
Line String: Connected by Arcs 79
Polygon: Ring (Boundary) Connected by Straight Lines 80
Polygon: Ring (Boundary) Connected by Arcs 82
Rectangle Polygon 82
Circle Polygon 83
Complex Two-Dimensional Geometry Examples 84
Constructing Complex Geometries 85
SDO_ELEM_INFO for Compound Elements 86
SDO_ELEM_INFO for Voided Polygon Element 87
Compound Line String Example 87
Compound Polygon Example 88
Polygon with a Void 89
Collections 91
Three-Dimensional Examples 95
Three-Dimensional Points, Lines, and Polygons 97
Composite Surfaces 102
Simple Solid 105
Composite Solid 110
Collections 112
Summary 114
CHAPTER 5 Loading, Transporting, and Validating Spatial Data 115
Inserting Data into an SDO_GEOMETRY Column 116
Loading and Converting Spatial Data 117
Loading from Text Files Using SQL*Loader 117
Transporting Spatial Data Between Oracle Databases 120
Loading from External Formats 122
Converting Between SDO_GEOMETRY and WKT/WKB 124
Converting SDO_GEOMETRY Data in GML 124
Extruding a Two-Dimensional Geometry to Three Dimensions 129
Validating Spatial Data 132
Validation Functions 132
Validation Criteria 133
Composite Solids 140
Collections 141
Debugging Spatial Data 142
REMOVE_DUPLICATE_VERTICES 142
EXTRACT 143
APPEND 146
GETNUMELEM, GETNUMVERTICES, and GETVERTICES 147
EXTRACT3D 147
Miscellaneous Functions 149
Summary 149
CHAPTER 6 Geocoding 151
What Is Geocoding? 151
Architecture of the Oracle Geocoder 153
Parsing the Input Address 153
Searching for the Address 154
Computing the Spatial Coordinates 154
Setting Up the Reference Data for the Geocoder 156
Parameter Tables 156
Data Tables 157
Using Geocoder Functions 158
GEOCODE_AS_GEOMETRY 158
GEOCODE 161
GEOCODE_ALL 176
Geocoding Using Structured Addresses 182
GEOCODE_ADDR 182
GEOCODE_ADDR_ALL 184
Reverse Geocoding 184
REVERSE_GEOCODE 184
Geocoding Business Data 186
Adding the Spatial Column 186
Geocoding the Addresses: The “Naive” Approach 187
Address Verification and Correction 188
Automatic Geocoding 193
The Geocoding Server 196
Architecture 196
Installation and Configuration 198
Using the Geocoder: XML Queries and Responses 200
Summary 206
CHAPTER 7 Manipulating SDO_GEOMETRY
in Application Programs 207
Manipulating Geometries Using PL/SQL 209
VARRAY Manipulation Primer 211
Reading and Writing SDO_GEOMETRY Objects 215
Creating New Geometries 215
Extracting Information from Geometries 217
Modifying Existing Geometries 219
Manipulating Geometries in Java 223
Using the JGeometry Class 223
Using 3D Geometries: the J3D_Geometry Class 229
Extracting Elements from 3D Geometries: the
ElementExtractor Class 229
Using Standard Notations: WKT, WKB, GML 232
Using ESRI Shapefiles 235
Summary 240
PART 3 Spatial and Network Analysis
CHAPTER 8 Spatial Indexes and Operators 243
Spatial Indexes 245
Inserting Metadata for a Spatial Layer Prior to Indexing 246
Creating a Spatial Index 247
Spatial Indexing Concepts 247
Spatial Index Parameters 249
Spatial Operators 253
Syntax of Spatial Operators 253
Semantics of Spatial Operators 254
Evaluation of Spatial Operators 255
A Closer Look at Spatial Operators 256
SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE Operator 256
SDO_NN Operator 261
Operators for Spatial Interactions (Relationships) 268
Hints for Spatial Operators 280
Advanced Spatial Index Features 287
Function-Based Spatial Indexes 287
Local Partitioned Spatial Indexes 290
Parallel Indexing 293
Online Index Rebuilds 294
Spatial Joins 295
Three-Dimensional Analysis 298
Summary 303
CHAPTER 9 Geometry Processing Functions 305
Buffering Functions 307
Relationship Analysis Functions 310
SDO_DISTANCE 310
SDO_CLOSEST_POINTS 313
RELATE 315
Geometry Combination Functions 320
SDO_INTERSECTION 321
SDO_UNION 323
SDO_DIFFERENCE 323
SDO_XOR 325
Geometric Analysis Functions 326
Area, Length, and Volume Functions 326
MBR Functions 330
Miscellaneous Geometric Analysis Functions 333
Aggregate Functions 337
Aggregate MBR Function 337
Other Aggregate Functions 338
Summary 343
CHAPTER 10 Network Modeling 345
General Network Modeling Concepts 347
Examples of Networks 348
Oracle Network Data Model 349
Data Structures: The Network Tables 351
Node Table 352
Link Table 352
Path Table 353
Path Link Table 354
Network Metadata 354
Defining Networks 355
“Automatic” Network Definition 355
“Manual” Network Definition 357
Defining Multiple Networks on the Same Tables 359
Dropping a Network 363
Creating Spatial Indexes on Network Tables 363
Getting Information About a Network 364
Verifying Network Connectivity 365
Example Network 366
Analyzing and Managing Networks Using the Java API 370
Analyzing Networks: The NetworkManager Class 370
Limiting the Search Space: The SystemConstraint Class 384
Advanced Analysis: Network Constraints 385
Network Structures: The Network, Node, Link, and Path Classes 391
Creating Networks: The NetworkFactory Class 394
Debugging Network Structures 396
Analyzing Networks Using the PL/SQL API 397
Using a Memory Object 399
Analyzing Networks 400
Creating and Updating Networks 403
Using Network Constraints 405
The Network Editor 412
Starting the Editor 412
Using the Loaded Network 414
Example Data: The Streets of San Francisco 415
Summary 416
CHAPTER 11 The Routing Engine 417
Architecture 418
Installation and Configuration 420
Data Structures 422
Example Data: The Streets of San Francisco 424
Partitioning 425
Using the Router: XML Queries and Responses 427
Routing Requests 430
Routing Options 431
Pregeocoded Start and End Locations 431
Geographic Start and End Locations 432
Batch Routing 432
Summary 434
PART 4 Visualization
CHAPTER 12 Defining Maps Using MapViewer 437
Why Use Maps in Location-Enabled Applications? 437
Overview of MapViewer and Oracle Maps 440
Oracle MapViewer 440
Oracle Maps 442
Getting Started 443
Load the Sample Data 444
Location-Enable the Application Data 445
Load the Geographical Data 445
Load Maps, Themes, Style, and Map Cache Definitions
for MapViewer 445
Define a Data Source 446
Install Example Applications 446
Configuring MapViewer 448
Using the Administration Console 449
Configuration Parameters 452
Defining Maps 457
Using Map Builder 458
Using Styles 461
Using Themes 474
Using Maps 484
Defining Map Caches 491
The USER_SDO_CACHED_MAPS View 491
Managing Caches Using the MapViewer Console 491
Creating a New Map Cache 493
Creating Map Caches Using SQL 495
Cache Data Structures 498
Exporting Cache Definitions 498
Purging and Refreshing Cache 498
Using External Data Sources 499
Summary 502
CHAPTER 13 Using Maps in Your Applications 503
Overview of MapViewer’s APIs 503
XML, Java, JSPs, and PL/SQL 503
JavaScript and Ajax: Oracle Maps 505
Choosing an API 506
Anatomy of a Map Request 507
What: The Information That Should Appear on the Map 507
Where: The Geographical Area to Be Covered by the Map 508
How: The Format and Size of the Resulting Map 508
Interacting with Maps 509
Controlling the Level of Detail: Zoom In and Zoom Out 509
Controlling the Area Shown on the Map: Pan and Recenter 509
Selecting Features: Identify 510
Choosing the Information to Appear on the Map: Layer Control 510
Oracle Maps: The JavaScript API 510
Displaying a Map 511
Interacting with Maps: Zooming and Panning 514
Adding Map Decorations 515
Adding Generic Decorations 515
Creating an Overview Map 516
Rectangular (Marquee) Zooming 517
Adding Dynamic Information: Theme-Based FOIs 519
Adding Individual FOIs 523
Controlling Styles 524
Capturing User Input: Tools and Selectors 525
Responding to Events 528
Using the Java API 530
Map Requests 530
Zooming and Panning 533
Theme Control 535
Style Control 540
Identification and Queries 540
Dynamic Features 543
Legends 543
Map Decorations 545
Using the Map Cache 546
Discovering Data Sources, Maps, Themes 547
Using JSP Tags 547
Using the XML API 552
Simple Map Requests 553
Adding Themes to a Base Map 555
Using Multiple Data Sources 556
Constructing a Map from Themes 557
Dynamic Themes 558
Dynamic Features 561
Legends 563
The XML Map Response 565
Using the PL/SQL API 566
Installing the API 566
A Simple Example 567
Using the Administrative API 568
Browsing Map Definitions 568
Managing the MapViewer Server 570
Restarting MapViewer 573
Web Map Service (OGC WMS) Interface 573
The GetCapabilities Request 573
The GetMap Request 575
The GetFeatureInfo Request 576
Spatial Reference Systems (SRS) Mapping 578
Summary 578
PART 5 Spatial in Applications
CHAPTER 14 Sample Applications 581
Data Preparation and Setup 582
Loading the Geographical Data 582
Location-Enabling the Application Data 582
Loading Map, Theme, Style, and Map Cache Definitions
for MapViewer 583
Applications Setup 583
The JavaScript Application 584
Application Walk-Through 584
Under the Hood 589
The Java (JSP) Application 603
Application Walk-Through 603
Under the Hood 610
Summary 622
CHAPTER 15 Case Studies 623
Overview of the Case Studies 623
Spatial Information for Managing the London Bus Network 624
BusNet 625
Spatial Data and Oracle Spatial in BusNet 626
User Interface for Spatial Data in BusNet 628
BusNet Conclusions 630
P-Info: A Mobile Application for Police Forces 631
P-Info Functionality 632
P-Info Architecture 633
Use of Oracle Spatial in P-Info 635
Measurable Added Value of P-Info 637
Risk Repository for Hazardous Substances 638
RRGS Technology 640
Use of Oracle Spatial in the RRGS 642
From Hazardous Substances to Risk Management 643
USGS National Land Cover Visualization and Analysis Tool 644
The Architecture of USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 647
Oracle Spatial in USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 648
Benefits of USGS Visualization and Analysis Tool 651
U.S. Department of Defense MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 652
The Architecture of MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 654
Oracle Spatial in MilitaryHOMEFRONT 657
Mobile MilitaryINSTALLATIONS 660
Benefits of MilitaryHOMEFRONT LBS 662
Summary 662
CHAPTER 16 Tips, Common Mistakes, and Common Errors 663
Tips 663
Data Modeling and Loading 663
Performance of Spatial Operator Query 666
Performance of Other Spatial Processing Functions 670
Performance of Inserts, Deletes, and Updates 672
Best Practices for Scalability and Manageability of Spatial Indexes 673
Common Mistakes 678
Bounds, Longitude and Latitude, and Tolerance for Geodetic Data 678
NULL Values for SDO_GEOMETRY 678
Use GEOCODE or GEOCODE_ALL 678
Specify “INDEXTYPE is mdsys.spatial_index” in CREATE INDEX 678
Always Use Spatial Operators in the WHERE Clause 679
Use Spatial Functions When No Spatial Index Is Available 679
Do Not Move, Import, or Replicate MDRT Tables 680
Network Metadata 680
Map Metadata 681
Common Errors 681
ORA-13226: Interface Not Supported Without a Spatial Index 681
ORA-13203: Failed to Read USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA View 681
ORA-13365: Layer SRID Does Not Match Geometry SRID 681
ORA-13223: Duplicate Entry for in
SDO_GEOM_METADATA 682
ORA-13249, ORA-02289: Cannot Drop Sequence/Table 682
ORA-13249: Multiple Entries in sdo_index_metadata Table 682
ORA-13207: Incorrect Use of the Operator 682
ORA-13000: Dimension Number Is Out of Range 682
ORA-00904: Invalid Identifier 683
ORA-00939: Too Many Arguments for Function 683
ORA-13030: Invalid Dimensionality for the SDO_GEOMETRY,
or ORA-13364: Layer Dimensionality Does Not Match Geometry
Dimensions 684
Summary 685
PART 6 Appendixes
APPENDIX A Additional Spatial Analysis Functions 689
Tiling-Based Analysis 689
TILED_BINS 689
TILED_AGGREGATES 691
Neighborhood Analysis 694
AGGREGATES_FOR_GEOMETRY 694
AGGREGATES_FOR_LAYER 695
Clustering Analysis 696
SPATIAL_CLUSTERS 696
Refining the Candidates for Site Selection 697
Geometry Simplification for Speeding Up Analysis 698
Summary 699
APPENDIX B Linear Referencing 701
Concepts and Definitions 702
Measure 702
Linear Referenced Segments 702
Direction 702
Shape Points 702
Offset 703
Typical Application 703
Creating Linear Referenced Geometries 705
SDO_GTYPE in LRS Geometries 705
Constructing LRS Geometries 706
Metadata 707
Spatial Indexes and Spatial Operators on LRS Geometries 707
Dynamic Segmentation Operations 707
Clip a Segment 707
Locate a Point 708
Project a Point 709
Intersecting LRS Segments with Standard Geometries 710
Validation of LRS Segments 710
Dynamic Segmentation on 3D Geometries 711
Other Operations 711
Summary 712
APPENDIX C Topology Data Model in Oracle 713
Sharing Boundaries 714
Benefits of the Topology Data Model 715
Storing a Topology Data Model in Oracle 715
Operating on a Topology in Oracle 718
Creating a Topology 718
Populating a Topology 719
Associating a Feature Layer with a Topology 719
Inserting, Updating, and Populating Feature Layers 720
Updating Topological Elements 721
Querying for Topological Relationships 723
Hierarchical Feature Model 723
Summary 724
APPENDIX D Storing Raster Data in Oracle 725
The SDO_GEORASTER Data Type 726
Storage for SDO_GEORASTER Data 728
Metadata in SDO_GEORASTER Data 731
Populating SDO_GEORASTER Columns 731
Manipulating Raster Objects 732
Generating Pyramids 733
Subsetting 734
Georeferencing 734
Attaching Bitmap Masks 736
Registering NODATA Values 737
Using Compression in GeoRaster 738
Visualizing Raster Data in Oracle MapViewer 739
Summary 741
APPENDIX E Three-Dimensional Modeling Using Point Clouds
and TINs in Oracle 743
Storing Large Point Sets 744
The SDO_PC Data Type 744
Populating a Point Cloud 745
Querying a Point Cloud 748
Other Manipulation Functions for Point Clouds 749
Storing Triangulated Irregular Networks 749
The SDO_TIN Data Type 750
Populating a TIN 751
Querying a TIN 754
Other Manipulation Functions for TINs 755
Summary 755
INDEX 757